Studies of the regions of Y chromosome that are inherited together (haplogroups), reveal Europa has four population groups, namely R1b-M269, I1-M253, I2-M438 and R1a-M420, pointing to four distinct paternal origins. R1b-M269 group is the most common group that è presente nei paesi del Galles, Irlanda, Inghilterra, Germania, Spagna, Paesi Bassi, Francia e Polonia mentre I1-M253 has its origins in Northern Europa and is predominantly found today in countries of Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland, and Norway. I2-M438 has its origins in Southern and Eastern and is predominantly found today in Sicily, Celtec, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Switzerland. The R1a-M420 group has its origins in Eurasia and South West Asia around 25000 years ago. Another genetically distinct population group is of Roma people belonging to haplogroup H1a1a-M82, has its origins in the north-western region of the Indian sub-continent
europeo continent has seen a number of infightings and migrations. With the result, the continent has been described as turning into a melting pot with populations of various origins and cultures living and thriving together. In order to understand the paternal origins of the populations living in Europa oggi è utile studiare Cromosoma Y. variability and how it contributes to the distribution and development of male genetico pool. Studies on the polymorphism of the Y chromosome show the presence of four major haplogroups, namely R1b-M269, I1-M253, I2-M438 and R1a-M4201.
Il gruppo R1b-M269 è il gruppo più comune che ha avuto origine circa 4000-10000 anni fa nella regione basca di Francia e Spagna2 and is present in ~110 million europeo men. It is present in countries of Wales, Ireland, England, Germany, Spain, Netherlands, France and Poland and increases in frequency on an east to west gradient, its prevalence in Poland at 22.7%, compared to Wales at 92.3%. Interestingly, this haplotype has been associated with different European colonisations, mainly in several American countries.
I1-M253 has its origins in Northern Europa around 5070 years ago and is predominantly found today in countries of Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland, Norway.
I2-M438 has its origins in Southern and Eastern Europa around 33000 years ago and is predominantly found today in Sicily, Celtec, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Switzerland.
R1a-M420 has its origins in Eurasia and South West Asia around 25000 years ago, and is currently found in populations extending from Scandinavia and Central Europa to southern Siberia and South Asia.
Un altro europeo population group with haplogroup on Y chromosome of H1a1a-M823, comprendente 10-12 milioni di persone, concentrate attualmente principalmente nella regione dell'Europa orientale e centrale come Romania, Bulgaria, Ungheria ecc., Ha avuto origine nella regione nord-occidentale del subcontinente indiano. Queste persone sono conosciute come Roma4 persone.
Thus, in spite of migrations, europeo population comes across as having these geneticamente gruppi distinti basati su aplotipi, che hanno mantenuto la loro identità paterna.
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Riferimenti:
- Navarro-López B, Granizo-Rodríguez E, Palencia-Madrid L et al. Revisione filogeografica degli aplogruppi del cromosoma Y in Europa. Int J Legal Med 135, 1675-1684 (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-021-02644-6
- Lucotte G. Il principale aplogruppo del cromosoma Y R1b-M269 nell'Europa occidentale, suddiviso dai tre SNP S21/U106, S145/L21 e S28/U152, mostra un chiaro modello di differenziazione geografica. Progressi in antropologia, 5, 22-30 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/aa.2015.51003.
- Rai N, Chaubey G, Tamang R, et al. La filogeografia dell'aplogruppo H1a1a-M82 del cromosoma Y rivela la probabile origine indiana delle popolazioni rom europee. PLoS ONE 7(11): e48477 (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048477
- Jayaraman K S. European Romanis proveniva dall'India nordoccidentale. Natura India (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nindia.2012.179
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